Auteur Theory - The power of the filmmaker
The Role of the Auteur
- The theory of auteurship in modern day culture is crucial. The author of the film has a great impact on the films we watch
- The role of the author was born from classicism, a poetic movement which questioned meaning and engaged the meaning of texts(this was where the writer became more important than the text in 19th-20th century) becoming more complex with each stage of history.
-1950's era auteur theory - filmmakers films reflected the directors personal creative vision, showcasing their personal style and idealogy.
-A present day analogy would be the writer-director and having full control over the final cut.
-Auteur theory has had a major impact on film criticism since film director/critic Francois Truffaut advocated it in 1954.
-Commonly associated with French New Wave and the film critics who wrote for the influential french film review Cahiers du cinema.
Andrew Sarris was an american film critic influenced by the cahiers du cinema, introducing the auteur criteria to his readers in 1962 as a layered system of abilities.
-The three premises of the auteur theory may be visualised as 3 concentric circles. The outer circle is technique, the middle circle is personal style and the inner circle is interior meaning. The corresponding roles of the director may be designated as technician, stylist and auteur.
The French directors the Cahiers critics endorsed included
Jean Vigo
Jean Renoir
Robert Bresson
Marcel Ophüls
Their favourite americans:
John Ford
Howard Hawks
Alfred Hitchcock
Nicholas Ray
Orson Welles
Favourite german
Fritz Lang
Jean-Luc Godard became one of the first french auteurs. At first he emulated american cinema then turned against it, choosing instead to deconstruct the text and take apart the structure. "I pity the french cinema because it has no money, I pity the american cinema because it has no ideas".
The basic belief of Cahiers was that the director should use the commercial apparatus and imprint his or her vision on the work. While recognising that not all directors hit this goal, they valued the work of those who neared it.
New Wave theory maintains that all good directors have a highly distinctive style that makes their body of work unmistakably theirs. Marked visual styles and consistent themes were appreciated.
Starting in the 1960's, some film critics began criticising the auteur theory and its focus on the director. Part of the backlash was due to the collaborative nature of shooting film.
Some well known Auteurs
Alfred Hitchcock
Martin Scorsese
Sofia Coppola
Baz Luhrman
Jane Campion
James Cameron
Stephen Spielberg
Quentin Tarantino
Christopher Nolan
For “Auteur”
-Cahiers du Cinema critics / filmmakers
-The director’s signature will be on a film
-Proof: Auteur films look and ‘feel’ similar
-Lead to a New Wave of free-thinking, personal films and filmmakers
Against “Auteur”
-Critics like Pauline Kael felt the theory was narrow and exclusive because films are collaborative
-“New Critics” felt the text to be more important than the director
-Psychoanalysts believed that films are ‘culturally determined’
-Genre theorists believe that filmmakers are working within existing parameters of codes and conventions